Raphael Samuel, who died of cancer in December—in the old weaver’s house in Elder Street he loved so much, behind Spitalfield Market in the heart of what was once Jewish and Radical London—was one of the most outstanding, original intellectuals of his generation: a lifelong socialist of deep and complex persuasion, a passionate, creative and innovative social historian, and a man of unique personal qualities and distinction of mind and spirit. Those of us who were privileged to be amongst the great number whom, as a mark of personal affection, to the end, he addressed as ‘comrade’, find his untimely death an irreparable loss. Neither the ‘first’ New Left, which was born in the wake of 1956 (the year of the Anglo-French invasion of Suez and the Soviet suppression of the Hungarian Revolution—the two paradigmatic events which between them defined the political parameters of a generation, and of which this journal is a principal legatee), nor the History Workshop movement of the 1970s (which transformed the writing of popular working-class history) would have existed without his vision and gift for strategic intervention.

When I first encountered Raphael as an undergraduate at Oxford in the early 1950s, he was already a sort of legend—politically and intellectually precocious, steeped in the culture of the Communist Party to which he had been introduced by his mother, Minna (a gifted musician and, much later in life, a successful composer, as well as a committed Party activist) and his uncle, Chimen Abramsky, the distinguished Jewish historian of the First International, who remembers being quizzed by Raphael, aged eleven, as to who Hobbes was and what was Leviathan. Raphael was the central figure in the small group of young communist undergraduates, centered around Christopher Hill at Balliol, whose open political allegiance to the Party in one sense isolated and drew attention to them—this was the height (or depth?) of the Cold War, and the closer people were to ‘the Left’ politically, the more vigilant, in some ways, was their anti-communism. In another sense, they were a vital spark in Oxford undergraduate politics, lending to that scene of fiercely ambitious rivalries and carefully calibrated self-advancement the unusual whiff of an intense political seriousness. Raphael was simultaneously the pariah and the heart-and-soul of the Oxford political scene. Solid Labour Club supporters, advancing steadily towards their Front Bench careers, were guarded about being seen too closely in converse with ‘Ralph’ (as he was then known) or his alter-ego and ‘terrible twin’, Peter Sedgwick. (The physical contrast between them was remarkable: Raphael with his finely-chiseled features, gaunt appearance and dark, intense eyes; Peter, the lapsed Anglo-Catholic, with his shock of unruly blonde curls, pebble-thick glasses and rolled umbrella.) On the other hand, practically nothing of significance happened in Oxford without Raphael being in some way indirectly involved in it. I remember first meeting the French-Canadian philosopher, Charles (‘Chuck’) Taylor, then a Rhodes Scholar at Balliol, on a demonstration of a few forlorn souls which Raphael organized against the H-Bomb—long before anyone else I knew was even aware of its political significance (the demo was speedily and weightily dispersed by a group of college boat-club and rugby ‘heavies’).

By 1955, the political climate had begun to thaw—encouraged in part by the opening of the Khrushchev era, the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which brought the long-buried critique of Stalinism rising to the surface of political debate, as well as by the signs of a more radical and questioning political climate, especially on the cultural and intellectual Left, in Britain. This had its turbulent effects on Oxford politics, making possible a freer and more open dialogue between those of us on the independent Left who had never joined the Party and had been principled anti-Stalinists and those, like Raphael, Peter and others, whom the Khrushchev reforms released into a more open and searching political reassessment. One of the principal scenes where these debates and discussions were enacted was the Socialist Club, a moribund organizational shell left over from the old days of the Popular Front, which a number of us, including Raphael, occupied and revived (it had been kept alive financially by banker’s orders from fellow-travelling undergraduates of the 1930s, who had since become established luminaries and had either forgotten to cancel their contributions or were now too embarassed to do so. This was by no means the last occasion on which Raphael was to deploy political guilt in the service of his deeper stratagems.)

The idea of publishing a journal to focus and develop this radical debate, in Oxford and other universities, was already well advanced in Socialist Club circles, much encouraged by Raphael, when, in the late summer of 1956, our cosy world was shattered, first by the trumped-up Anglo-French-Israeli conspiracy which led to the invasion of the Suez Canal zone—which we saw as a sharp reminder that the age of imperiaism was not dead—and the use of Soviet tanks to roll over the workers and intellectual opposition of the Imre Nagy government in Hungary—which we saw as the apotheosis of the degeneration of Stalinism and Soviet communism. Actually, Raphael’s whole political world, as he had known it, had been blown apart, especially by the latter event, and its reverberations within the British Communist Party (which precipitated mass desertions and terminated in the expulsion of the internal opposition led by Edward and Dorothy Thompson, John Saville and others around the Reasoner faction).

Without quite understanding what exactly he would do after University, I am sure that up to that point Raphel had assumed—as we all did—that his future would be tied up with some leading intellectual role closely connected with Party work. Party intellectuals had strongly advised him to take a year out from political activism before sitting his Finals and he had only just, in the summer of 1956, duly delivered his First in modern history which had always been the predicted outcome. All this came to a sudden and abrupt hiatus, with Hobsbawm the only historian of the Party’s distinguished Historians’ Group (including Thompson, Saville, Hill, Hobsbawm, Hilton, Morton, to whose heady intellectual ethos Chimen Abramsky had introduced Raphael even before he became an undergraduate) who retained his membership. I do not think we can assess the full impact of this major political defeat on Raphael until much later—he was still coming to terms with its deeper meaning for him in the 1960s, when the New Left tide had begun to ebb, and he had pursued his historical research on the role of Irish labour in industrialization to Dublin, where he was, for a time, clearly in serious emotional and intellectual difficulties, rescued only from a prolonged breakdown by Christopher Hill’s timely recommendation of him to a tutorship at the trade union Ruskin College. In 1956—immediately, and characteristically—the upheavals impelled him, not towards depression and withdrawal, but into ferocious, indeed pyrotechnic, activity.

Universities and Left Review (which, in 1960, merged with The New Reasoner to form New Left Review, the distant progenitor of this distinguished publication) was the phoenix which arose from those particular ashes. It was edited, on Raphael’s suggestion—with a sharp eye for the intricacies of political genealogy—by two ex-communists (Raphael and Gabriel Pearson) and two independent socialists (myself and ‘Chuck’ Taylor). In fact, however, it was the published ‘voice’ of a wider political cultural formation, based at first in Oxford, but with parallels elsewhere amongst left student intellectuals (as the awkward conjunction of its title suggests), which circumstances then transformed into a much broader and more ambitious organ—as can be seen from the list of contributors to the first issue, which appeared in Spring 1957 (they included Isaac Deutscher, Claude Bourdet, Lindsay Anderson, E.P. Thompson, G.D.H. Cole, Eric Hobsbawm, Joan Robinson and Basil Davidson).

The ulr side of the ‘first’ New Left was very much a collective effort by a much larger group of whom the editors were, in a sense, only the representatives. But there is little doubt that, until the merger with The New Reasoner, Raphael was its engine, its political motor, its moving spirit. His political will, determination and energy were limitless. He persuaded some hapless publisher to print thousands of copies of the first issue on behalf of a group of students (some of us by then post-graduate) who didn’t have a penny to our names; and indeed to reprint it before the first debt had been repaid. (This enabled us not only to reach a wider readership, but to edit out the addition concerning the rising tide of discontent evinced to Madame Furtseyeva, the Soviet Minister of Culture, by Leningrad car workers which Raphael had injudiciously made to Isaac Deutscher’s ‘World Copyrighted’ article on ‘Russia In Transition’!) The idea of calling a meeting of journal readers in London to hear Deutscher speak—the beginning of the New Left Club movement—was also his, as was the layout of the room we hired for the occasion in a Bloomsbury hotel: casually arranged for informal political exchange around tables for about sixty people, in a style, he assured us, somewhere between the Parisian Left Bank cafe and the inter-war Berlin cabaret scene. When we returned from a leisurely Indian meal, 700 people were standing impatiently in a queue outside. In the middle of the Algerian War he brought a galaxy of international socialist intellectuals to London for a ‘Cry Europe’ meeting without so much as the money to cover the bill for the international telephone calls. The project to buy and run the first post-espresso left-wing coffee house as a way of financing a Soho home for the journal and the club was also his. The definitive vote by the editorial board against this wild scheme, solemnly taken at midnight in Chuck Taylor’s room in All Souls, was swept aside by the tide of his seductive enthusiasm and the ulr office and Partisan café at 7 Carlisle Street duly opened, supported by Raphael’s shadowy ex-Party benefactors in Hampstead, with Raphael in charge of the kitchen and the menu. The part-international, part-proletarian, part-provincial, part-Jewish-diasporic flavour of its ‘Bill of Fare’ was pure, distilled ‘Samuel’: ‘Farmhouse Soup...Old Fashioned pea soup. . .Borscht. . .Irish peasant stew. . .Baked Yorkshire ham with sauce Cumberland. . .Boiled Surrey fowl with parsley sauce and Patna rice. . .Boiled Breconshire Mutton with caper sauce. . .Frankfurters or Vorscht with potato salad. . .Apple dumplings with hot lemon sauce. . .Whitechapel cheese-cake and pastries. . .Vienna coffee. . .café filtre. . .Russian tea’.